National saving

Overview

In economics, a country's national saving is the sum of private and public saving. It equals a nation's income minus consumption and the government spending.

Closed economy with public deficit or surplus possible

In this simple economic model with a closed economy there are three uses for GDP (the goods and services it produces in a year). If Y is national income (GDP), then the three uses of C consumption, I investment, and G government purchases can be expressed as:

Y = C + I + G

{\displaystyle Y=C+I+G}

National saving can be thought of as the amount of remaining income that is not consumed, or spent by government. In a simple model of a closed economy, anything that is not spent is assumed to be invested:

National Saving

= Y − C − G

{\displaystyle {\text{National Saving}}=Y-C-G}

National saving can be split into private saving and public saving. Denoting T for taxes paid by consumers that go directly to the government and TR for transfers paid by the government to the consumers as shown here:

( Y − T + T R − C ) + ( T − G − T R ) = I

{\displaystyle (Y-T+TR-C)+(T-G-TR)=I}

(Y − T + TR) is disposable income whereas (Y − T + TR − C) is private saving. Public saving, also known as the budget surplus, is the term (T − G − TR), which is government revenue through taxes, minus government expenditures on goods and services, minus transfers. Thus we have that private plus public saving equals investment. The interest rate plays the important role of creating an equilibrium between saving S and investment in neoclassical economics.

S ( r ) = I ( r )

{\displaystyle S(r)=I(r)}

where the interest rate r affects saving positively and affects physical investment negatively.

Open economy with balanced public spending

In an open economic model international trade is introduced. Therefore the current account is split into exports and imports:

Net eXports

= N X =

eXports

−

iMports

= X − M

{\displaystyle {\text{Net eXports}}=NX={\text{eXports}}-{\text{iMports}}=X-M}

The net exports is the part of GDP which is not consumed by domestic demand:

N X = Y − ( C + I + G ) = Y −

Domestic demand

{\displaystyle NX=Y-(C+I+G)=Y-{\text{Domestic demand}}}

If we transform the identity for net exports by subtracting consumption, investment and government spending we get the national accounts identity:

Y = C + I + G + N X

{\displaystyle Y=C+I+G+NX}

The national saving is the part of the GDP which is not consumed or spent by the government.

Y − C − G = S = I + N X

{\displaystyle Y-C-G=S=I+NX}

Therefore the difference between the national saving and the investment is equal to the net exports:

S − I = N X

Open economy with public deficit or surplus

The government budget can be directly introduced into the model. We consider now an open economic model with public deficits or surpluses. Therefore the budget is split into revenues, which are the taxes (T), and the spendings, which are transfers (TR) and government spendings (G). Revenue minus spending results in the public (governmental) saving:

S

G

= T − G − T R

{\displaystyle S_{G}=T-G-TR}

The disposable income of the households is the income Y minus the taxes net of transfers:

Y

d

= Y − T + T R

{\displaystyle Y_{d}=Y-T+TR}

Disposable income can only be used for saving or for consumption:

Y

d

= C +

S

P

{\displaystyle Y_{d}=C+S_{P}}

where the subscript P denotes the private sector. Therefore private saving in this model equals the disposable income of the households minus consumption:

S

P

See also

Balances Mechanics Government debt Inflation IS/LM model Sectoral balances