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Digital assets and currencies

Understand assets, networks and trading mechanics with sources you can check.

Trading basics

MYOB (company)

MYOB (meaning mind your own business) is an Australian multinational corporation that provides tax, accounting and other business services software to small and medium businesses. It is owned by KKR.

Trading basics

Mystery shopping

Mystery shopping is a market research method in which a researcher poses as a customer, prospect or user to observe and report on the quality of a sales, service, compliance or customer-experience process, or on job performance. It may be used to assess a company’s own operations, competitors’ operations, or market practices more broadly. The Market Research Society adds that mystery sho

Finance

N-Shares

N-Shares (Chinese: N股) refers to Chinese companies listed on the NYSE, NASDAQ, or the NYSE MKT. The term stands for New York. They may or may not be incorporated in China, but they have their main business operations in mainland China. Most of them are incorporated in Bermuda, the Cayman Islands, the British Virgin Islands, Nevada or Delaware. If they have been incorporated in mainland C

Payments & settlement

NACHA

Nacha, originally the National Automated Clearinghouse Association, manages the ACH Network, the backbone for the electronic movement of money and data in the United States, and is an association for the payments industry. The ACH Network serves as a network for direct consumer, business, and government payments, and annually facilitates billions of payments such as Direct Deposit and Di

Finance

Naked option

A naked option or uncovered option is an options strategy where the options contract writer (i.e., the seller) does not hold the underlying asset to cover the contract in case of assignment (like in a covered option). Nor does the seller hold any option of the same class on the same underlying asset that could protect against potential losses (like in an options spread). A naked option i

Finance

Naked short selling

Naked short selling, or naked shorting, is the practice of short-selling a tradable asset without first borrowing the asset from another party or ensuring that it can be borrowed. When the seller does not obtain the asset and deliver it to the buyer within the required settlement period, the result is known as a "failure to deliver" (FTD). The transaction generally remains open until the

Trading basics

Namibian dollar

The Namibian dollar (symbol: $ or N$; code: NAD) has been the currency of Namibia since 1993. It is normally abbreviated with the dollar sign ($), or alternatively N$ to distinguish it from other currencies called “dollar.” It is divided into 100 cents.

Banking

Narasimham Committee

Narsimham Committee refers to two committees established by the Government of India in its first decade of economic liberalisation under the chairmanship of M. Narasimham. The first Committee, officially known as the Committee on Financial System (CFS), was established in August 1991. The report of the CSF was submitted to the Finance Minister in November 1991, and tabled in the Parliame

Trading basics

Nasdaq

The Nasdaq Stock Market is an American stock exchange. It is the largest stock exchange by market capitalization and the first fully electronic stock market. Based in Manhattan, New York City, the exchange is among the most active stock trading venues by volume in the United States.

Securities & exchanges

Nasdaq Copenhagen

The Nasdaq Copenhagen, formerly known as the Copenhagen Stock Exchange (Danish: Københavns Fondsbørs), is an international marketplace for Danish securities, including shares, bonds, treasury bills and notes, and financial futures and options.

Finance

Nathan Tankus

Nathan Cedric Tankus is an American expert on state and banking finances, with a focus on the Federal Reserve. He has been a visiting researcher at the Fields Institute and a research assistant at the University of Ottawa. He has written for the Financial Times, Business Insider, the Review of Keynesian Economics, Truthout, Jacobin, Naked Capitalism, and Rolling Stone.

Finance

National Association of Personal Financial Advisors

National Association of Personal Financial Advisors (NAPFA) is an American financial planning trade organization created in 1983 to expand the use of fee-only financial advisors by individual consumers. NAPFA established the first set of professional standards for fee-only financial advisors and has updated them to reflect changes in industry practices.

Payments & settlement

National Automated Clearing House

National Automated Clearing House, introduced by National Payments Corporation of India, is a centralised clearing service that aims at providing interbank high volume, low value transactions that are repetitive and periodic in nature. Offering credit and debit service to corporates, banks, and financial institutions, the service, aimed at integrating all regional ECS into one National

Banking

National Bank Note

National Bank Notes were United States currency banknotes issued by national banks chartered by the United States Government. The notes were usually backed by United States bonds the bank deposited with the United States Treasury. In addition, banks were required to maintain a redemption fund amounting to five percent of any outstanding note balance, in gold or "lawful money." The notes

Banking

National Bank of Panama

The National Bank of Panama (Spanish: Banco Nacional de Panamá, BNP) is one of two Panamanian government-owned banks. As of January 2009, it held deposits of about US$5 billion. The other government-owned bank is Caja de Ahorros de Panamá (Savings Bank of Panama), with about US$1 billion in total deposits.

Payments & settlement

National Financial Switch

National Financial Switch (NFS) is the largest network of shared automated teller machines (ATMs) in India. It was designed, developed and deployed by the Institute for Development and Research in Banking Technology (IDRBT) in 2004, with the goal of inter-connecting the ATMs in the country and facilitating convenience banking. It is run by the National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI

Payments & settlement

National Payments Corporation of India

National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI) is an Indian public sector company that operates retail payments and settlement systems in India. The organization is an initiative of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) and the Indian Banks' Association (IBA) under the provisions of the Payment and Settlement Systems Act, 2007, for creating a robust payment and settlement infrastructure in Indi

Trading basics

National saving

In economics, a country's national saving is the sum of private and public saving. It equals a nation's income minus consumption and the government spending.

Securities & exchanges

National Securities Depository Limited

National Securities Depository Limited (NSDL) is an Indian central securities depository, based in Mumbai. It was established in August 1996 as the first electronic securities depository in India with national coverage. As of 2025, its demat accounts held assets worth ₹464 lakh crore ($4.64 trillion).

Finance

National Social Security Fund (Uganda)

The National Social Security Fund (NSSF; also NSSF Uganda), is a quasi-government agency responsible for the collection, safekeeping, responsible investment, and distribution of retirement funds from employees of the private sector in Uganda who are not covered by the Government Retirement Scheme. Participation for both employers and employees is compulsory. The Uganda National Social Se

Trading basics

Natural Asset Company

Natural Asset Companies, abbreviated as NACs, are designed to mobilize private investment for ecological conservation, nature-based solutions, and regenerative land management. Developed by the Intrinsic Exchange Group (IEG), NACs integrate the economic value of nature, including ecosystem services, into a corporation with an equity capital structure.

Trading basics

Natural gas prices

Natural gas prices, as with other commodity prices, are mainly driven by supply and demand fundamentals. However, natural gas prices may also be linked to the price of crude oil and petroleum products, especially in continental Europe. Natural gas prices in the US had historically followed oil prices, but in the recent years, it has decoupled from oil and is now trending somewhat with c

Trading basics

NCR Voyix

NCR Voyix Corporation, previously known as NCR Corporation and National Cash Register, is a global software, consulting and technology company providing several professional services and electronic products. It produces self-service kiosks, point-of-sale software and terminals, check processing systems, thermal printers, and barcode scanners.

Trading basics

NEC

NEC Corporation (日本電気株式会社, Nippon Denki Kabushiki gaisha; an acronym for Nippon Electric Company) is a Japanese multinational conglomerate corporation headquartered at the NEC Supertower in Minato, Tokyo, Japan. It sells IT and network services, including cloud computing, artificial intelligence (AI), Internet of Things (IoT) platform, and telecommunications equipment and software to bus

Trading basics

NEC Software Solutions

NEC Software Solutions UK is a United Kingdom–based software and technology services provider, founded in 1969.

Trading basics

Negative pricing

In economics, negative pricing can occur when demand for a product drops or supply increases to an extent that owners or suppliers are prepared to pay others to accept it, in effect setting the price to a negative number. This can happen because it costs money to transport, store, and dispose of a product even when there is little demand to buy it, or because halting production would be

Payments & settlement

Negotiable instrument

A negotiable instrument is a document guaranteeing the payment of a specific amount of money, either on demand, or at a set time, whose payer is usually named on the document. More specifically, it is a document contemplated by or consisting of a contract, which promises the payment of money without condition, which may be paid either on demand or at a future date. The term has different

Trading basics

Neil Mehta

Neil Mehta is an American venture capitalist and the founder and managing partner of Greenoaks Capital, a venture capital investment firm that makes long-term investments in technology companies. Mehta's investments have included Coupang, Wiz, Deliveroo, Robinhood, Scale AI, and Toast.

Fiat currencies

Neil Wallace

Neil Wallace (born 1939) is an American economist and professor of economics at Penn State University. He is considered one of the main proponents of new classical macroeconomics in the field of economics.

Trading basics

Neiman Marcus

Neiman Marcus is an American upmarket department store chain founded in 1907 in Dallas, by Herbert Marcus, his sister Carrie Marcus Neiman, and her husband Abraham Lincoln Neiman. The chain has been owned by the New York City–based Exemplar Luxury Group since 2024. Previously, it was part of the Neiman Marcus Group, and prior to that, Carter Hawley Hale Stores.

Trading basics

Neiman Marcus Group

Neiman Marcus Group was an American holding company of department stores. It was established after holding company Carter Hawley Hale spun-off several of the department store chains it owned in 1987. At the time of its two-fold acquisition by Toronto-based Hudson's Bay Company and spin-off into Saks Global in 2024, it owned the full-line luxury stores Bergdorf Goodman (based in New York

Trading basics

Nelson Peltz

Nelson Peltz (born June 24, 1942) is an American billionaire businessman and investor. He is a founding partner, together with Peter W. May and Edward P. Garden, of Trian Partners, an alternative investment management fund based in New York. He is a former director of Heinz, Mondelēz International, and Ingersoll Rand and a former CEO of Triangle Industries.

Trading basics

Nemir Kirdar

Nemir Amin Kirdar (Arabic: نمير قيردار) (28 October 1936 – 8 June 2020) was an Iraqi banker, billionaire, businessman, financier and author. As a founding father of private equity, and an economic and cultural bridge-builder, he was the founder and CEO of Investcorp, a global alternative investment group that operates in Manama, New York, London, Abu Dhabi, Riyadh, Doha, and Singapore. H

Trading basics

Neopets

Neopets is a free-to-play virtual pet browser game. First launched in 1999, the game allows users to own virtual pets ("Neopets") and explore a virtual world called "Neopia." Players can earn one of two virtual currencies. One currency, called Neopoints, can be obtained for free through on-site features like games, events, and contests. The other, Neocash (NC), is purchased with real-wor

Trading basics

NEP Group

NEP Group, Inc. also known as NEP Supershooters LP (formerly NEP Broadcasting LLC) is a Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania based and privately owned international production company that provides outsourced teleproduction services for major events throughout the world.

Finance

NerdWallet

NerdWallet is an American personal finance company, founded in 2009 by Tim Chen and Jacob Gibson. It has a website and app that earns money by promoting financial products to its users.

Trading basics

Net Book Agreement

The Net Book Agreement (NBA) was a fixed book price agreement in the United Kingdom and Ireland between The Publishers Association and booksellers which set the prices at which books were to be sold to the public. The agreement was concerned solely with price maintenance. It operated in the UK from 1900 until the 1990s when it was abandoned by some large bookshop chains and was then rule

Finance

Net capital outflow

Net capital outflow (NCO) is the net flow of funds being invested abroad by a country during a certain period of time (usually a year). A positive NCO means that the country invests outside more than the world invests in it. NCO is one of two major ways of characterizing the nature of a country's financial and economic interaction with the other parts of the world (the other being the ba

Securities & exchanges

Net capital rule

The uniform net capital rule is a rule created by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") in 1975 to regulate directly the ability of broker-dealers to meet their financial obligations to customers and other creditors. Broker-dealers are companies that trade securities for customers (i.e., brokers) and for their own accounts (i.e., dealers).

Securities & exchanges

Net volatility

Net volatility refers to the volatility implied by the price of an option spread trade involving two or more options. Essentially, it is the volatility at which the theoretical value of the spread trade matches the price quoted in the market, or, in other words, the implied volatility of the spread.

Trading basics

Netherlands Antillean guilder

The Netherlands Antillean guilder (Dutch: gulden; Papiamento: florin) was the currency of the Netherlands Antilles, and later of Curaçao and Sint Maarten, which until 2010 formed the Netherlands Antilles along with Bonaire, Saba, and Sint Eustatius. It was subdivided into 100 cents (Dutch plural: centen). The guilder was replaced on 1 January 2011 on the islands of Bonaire, Saba and Sint

Trading basics

Neural network (machine learning)

In machine learning, a neural network (NN) or artificial neural network (ANN) is a computational model inspired by the structure and functions of biological neural networks.

Trading basics

Neustar

Neustar, Inc. is an American technology company that provides real-time information and analytics for risk, digital performance, defense, telecommunications, entertainment, and marketing industries, and also provides clearinghouse and directory services to the global communications and Internet industries. Neustar was the domain name registry for a number of top-level domains, including

Fiat currencies

Neutrality of money

Neutrality of money is the idea that a change in the money supply affects only nominal variables in the economy such as prices, wages, and exchange rates, with no effect on real variables, like employment, real GDP, and real consumption. Neutrality of money is an important idea in classical economics and is related to the classical dichotomy. It implies that the central bank does not aff

Securities & exchanges

New York Institute of Finance

The New York Institute of Finance (NYIF) is an American for-profit provider of continuing professional education that was founded by the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) in 1922.

Trading basics

Newk's Eatery

Newk's Eatery is an American chain of fast casual cafés which operates over 100 restaurants in 13 states.

Payments & settlement

Nexi

Nexi S.p.A., formerly known as Istituto Centrale delle Banche Popolari Italiane S.p.A. (ICBPI), is an Italian company that offers digital payment services and infrastructure for banks, companies, institutions, and public administrations.

Fiat currencies

Nicaraguan córdoba

The córdoba (Spanish pronunciation: ['koɾ.ðo.βa], sign: C$; code: NIO) is the currency of Nicaragua. It is subdivided into 100 centavos.

Finance

Nicholas Magens

Esq. Nicholas Magens or Nicolaus Paul Magens (1697 or 1704 – 1764) was an attorney, a merchant specializing in Spain and its colonies in the Americas, and an expert on ship insurance, general average and bottomry who gained a great reputation in commercial matters.

Fiat currencies

Nicola Acocella

Nicola Acocella (born 3 July 1939) is an Italian economist and academic, Emeritus Professor of Economic Policy since 2014.

Trading basics

Nielsen Media Research

Nielsen Media Research (NMR) is an American firm that measures media audiences, including television, radio, theatre, films (via the AMC Theatres MAP program), and newspapers. Headquartered in New York City, it is best known for the Nielsen ratings, an audience measurement system of television viewership that has long been the deciding factor in canceling or renewing television shows by

Trading basics

NielsenIQ

NIQ (also known as NielsenIQ, formerly known as ACNielsen or AC Nielsen) is an American marketing research firm, with worldwide headquarters in Chicago, Illinois, United States. The company has approximately 30,000 employees and operates in more than 100 countries. NIQ acquired German market research firm GfK in 2023.

Securities & exchanges

Nifty Fifty

In the United States, the term Nifty Fifty was an informal designation for a group of roughly fifty large-cap stocks on the New York Stock Exchange in the 1960s and 1970s that were widely regarded as solid buy and hold growth stocks, or "blue-chip" stocks. These fifty stocks are credited by historians with propelling the bull market of the early 1970s, while their subsequent crash and un

Finance

Nihonbashi

Nihonbashi (日本橋, Nihonbashi; Japanese pronunciation: [ɲ̟ì.hó̞ḿ.bä́.ɕí], also romanized as Nihombashi) is a business district of Chūō, Tokyo, Japan, which sprung up around the bridge of the same name that has linked two sides of the Nihonbashi River at this site since the 17th century. The first wooden bridge was completed in 1603. The current bridge, designed by Tsumaki Yorinaka and co

Trading basics

Nintendo of America Inc. v. U.S. Department of the Treasury

Nintendo of America Inc. v. U.S. Department of the Treasury, et al. is a pending legal case filed by Nintendo of America against multiple agencies and officials of the U.S. federal government on March 6, 2026. The complaint was filed in the United States Court of International Trade, seeking a "prompt refund, with interest" of tariffs paid under executive orders issued by President Donal

Trading basics

No Loan Again, Naturally

"No Loan Again, Naturally" is the twelfth episode of the twentieth season of the American animated television series The Simpsons. It originally aired on Fox in the United States on March 8, 2009. "No Loan Again, Naturally" was written by Jeff Westbrook and directed by Mark Kirkland.

Networks

No Postage Necessary

No Postage Necessary is a 2017 American romantic comedy independent film written and directed by Jeremy Culver as his second narrative feature and starring George Blagden, Charleene Closshey, Robbie Kay, Stelio Savante, with Michael Beach and Raymond J. Barry. The film integrates current political happenings — including the Silk Road (referred to "The Spice Trail" in the film's script),

Banking

Nominal income target

A nominal income target is a monetary policy target. Such targets are adopted by central banks to manage national economic activity. Nominal aggregates are not adjusted for inflation. Nominal income aggregates that can serve as targets include nominal gross domestic product (NGDP) and nominal gross domestic income (GDI). Central banks use a variety of techniques to hit their targets, inc

Trading basics

Nominal interest rate

In finance and economics, the nominal interest rate or nominal rate of interest is the rate of interest stated on a loan or investment, without any adjustments for inflation.

Fiat currencies

Nominal rigidity

In economics, nominal rigidity, also referred to as price stickiness or wage stickiness, describes a situation in which a nominal price is slow to adjust or resistant to change. Complete nominal rigidity occurs when a price remains fixed in nominal terms for a relevant period of time. For example, the price of a good may be contractually set at $10 per unit for an entire year, regardles

Fiat currencies

North American monetary union

The North American monetary union is a theoretical economic and monetary union of three North American countries: Canada, Mexico, and the United States.

Trading basics

Northwestern Improvement Company Store

Northwestern Improvement Company Store, also known as the NWI Building, is a historic building in Roslyn, Washington, the sole structure remaining from the days of the Roslyn Coal Field. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1973. In the 1990s, the Northwestern Improvement Company Store building was one of the locations used in the TV series Northern Exposure.

Trading basics

Norwegian Cruise Line

Norwegian Cruise Line (NCL) is an American cruise line founded in Norway in 1966. The company's headquarters are in Miami-Dade County, Florida, and incorporated in the Bahamas. It is the fourth-largest cruise line in the world by passengers, controlling about 8.6% of the total worldwide share of the cruise market by passengers as of 2021. It is wholly owned by parent company Norwegian Cr

Fiat currencies

Norwegian rigsdaler

The rigsdaler specie was a unit of silver currency used in Norway from 1544, renamed as the speciedaler in 1816 and used until 1873. Norway used a common reichsthaler currency system shared with Denmark, Hamburg and Schleswig-Holstein until 1873 when the gold standard was implemented in Scandinavia and the German Empire.

Finance

Nouriel Roubini

Nouriel Roubini (born March 29, 1958) is a Turkish-born American economic consultant, economist, speaker, and writer. He is a professor emeritus since 2021 at the Stern School of Business of New York University. Roubini earned a BA in political economics at Bocconi University in Italy and a doctorate in international economics at Harvard University. He was an academic at Yale University

Payments & settlement

NTT Data Payment Services

NTT DATA Payment Services India (formerly known as Atom Technologies Limited) is a payment services provider company headquartered in Mumbai, India.

Finance

Numerix

Numerix is an American capital markets analytics and risk management technology company headquartered in New York City. It develops pricing, risk management, and portfolio analytics software for financial derivatives, structured products, fixed income securities, and convertible securities, serving sell-side institutions including banks and broker-dealers, and buy-side participants inclu

Fiat currencies

Numismatics

Numismatics is the study or collection of currency, including coins, tokens, paper money, medals, and related objects.

Trading basics

NXP Semiconductors

NXP Semiconductors N.V. is a Dutch semiconductor manufacturing and design company with headquarters in Eindhoven, Netherlands. It is the second-largest European semiconductor design and manufacturing company by market capitalization as of 2024. The company employs approximately 34,000 people in more than 30 countries and it reported revenues of $12.61 billion in 2024. The company's name

Networks

Nym Technologies

Nym Technologies is a Swiss company that provides internet privacy technology utilizing Nym mix network and noise generation networks. Nym offers VPN and blockchain-related software and network services. Its most notable service, NymVPN, advertises itself as a VPN service for privacy and security.

Fiat currencies

Obsolete denominations of United States currency

The United States has produced several coins and banknotes of its dollar which no longer circulate or have been disused. Many of these were removed for specific reasons such as inflation reducing their value, rising minting costs, a lack of demand, or being too similar to another denomination.

Trading basics

Obverse and reverse

The obverse and reverse are the two flat faces of coins and some other two-sided objects, including paper money, flags, seals, medals, drawings, old master prints and other works of art, and printed fabrics. In this usage, obverse means the front face of the object and reverse means the back face. The obverse of a coin is commonly called heads, because it often depicts the head of a prom

Networks

Odysee

Odysee is an American video hosting platform which uses a combination of decentralized servers and the LBRY blockchain. The service was created in December 2020. The site is based on a broad interpretation of the concept of freedom of speech.

Banking

Of Unknown Origin

Of Unknown Origin is a 1983 psychological horror film directed by George P. Cosmatos in his North American film debut, and starring Peter Weller, Jennifer Dale, Lawrence Dane, Kenneth Welsh, Louis Del Grande, and Shannon Tweed in her film debut. Based on the novel The Visitor by Chauncey G. Parker III, it focuses on a mild-mannered Manhattan banker who becomes increasingly obsessive and

Finance

Office of Financial Research

The Office of Financial Research (OFR) is an independent bureau reporting to the United States Department of the Treasury. Created in the aftermath of the 2008 financial crisis, the OFR monitors and collects data to identify risks across the financial system.

Finance

Office of the Superintendent of Financial Institutions

The Office of the Superintendent of Financial Institutions (OSFI; French: Bureau du surintendant des institutions financières, BSIF) is an independent agency of the Government of Canada reporting to the Minister of Finance created "to contribute to public confidence in the Canadian financial system". It is the sole regulator of banks, and the primary regulator of insurance companies, tru

Trading basics

Offshore financial centre

An offshore financial centre (OFC) is defined as a "country or jurisdiction that provides financial services to nonresidents on a scale that is incommensurate with the size and the financing of its domestic economy."

Finance

Offshoring

Offshoring is the relocation of a business process from one country to another—typically an operational process, such as manufacturing, or supporting processes, such as accounting. Usually this refers to a company business, although state governments may also employ offshoring. More recently, technical and administrative services have been offshored.

Finance

Oleg Itskhoki

Oleg Itskhoki (born in Moscow on January 7, 1983) is a Russian-American economist specialized on macroeconomics and international economics and (as of 2024) a professor of economics at the Harvard University. He won the John Bates Clark Medal for his "fundamental contributions to both international finance and international trade" in 2022.

Trading basics

Olive Garden

Darden Concepts, Inc., doing business as Olive Garden, is an American casual dining restaurant chain specializing in Italian-American cuisine. It is a unit of Darden Restaurants, Inc., which is headquartered in Orange County, Florida. As of 2022, Olive Garden restaurants accounted for $4.5 billion of the $9.63 billion revenue of Darden.

Trading basics

One Equity Partners

One Equity Partners is a private equity firm with over $10 billion in assets under management which primarily deals with the industrial, healthcare and technology sectors in North America and Europe. One Equity Partners was the merchant banking arm of JPMorgan Chase, focused on leveraged buyout and growth capital investments in middle-market companies. Formed by Bank One in 2001, the gro

Trading basics

Onion Futures Act

The Onion Futures Act is a United States law banning the trading of futures contracts on onions as well as "motion picture box office receipts". In 1955, two onion traders, Sam Siegel and Vincent Kosuga, cornered the onion futures market on the Chicago Mercantile Exchange. The resulting regulatory actions led to the passing of the act on August 28, 1958. The law was amended in 2010 to ad

Trading basics

Online shopping

Online shopping is a form of electronic commerce which allows consumers to buy goods or services directly from a seller over the Internet using a web browser or a mobile app. Consumers generally find a product of interest by visiting a retailer's website specifically. They may also search among alternative vendors using a shopping search engine, which displays the same product's availab

Trading basics

Opal card

Opal is a contactless smartcard fare collection system for public transport services in New South Wales, Australia. Operation of the Opal system is managed by Transport for NSW. First launched in late 2012, Opal is valid on Transport for NSW's metro, train, bus, ferry and light rail services that operate in Sydney, Central Coast, Hunter Region, Blue Mountains, Illawarra and Southern High

Banking

Open market operation

In macroeconomics, an open market operation (OMO) is an activity by a central bank to exchange liquidity in its currency with a bank or a group of banks. The central bank can either transact government bonds and other financial assets in the open market or enter into a repurchase agreement or secured lending transaction with a commercial bank. The latter option, often preferred by centra

Trading basics

Operation Greenback

Operation Greenback was a Miami, Florida-based, multi-agency U.S. government task force targeting money laundering connected to drug trafficking.

Finance

Optimal stopping

In mathematics, the theory of optimal stopping or early stopping is concerned with the problem of choosing a time to take a particular action, in order to maximise an expected reward or minimise an expected cost. Optimal stopping problems can be found in areas of statistics, economics, and mathematical finance (related to the pricing of American options). A key example of an optimal stop

Fiat currencies

Optimum currency area

In economics, an optimum currency area (OCA) or optimal currency region (OCR) is a geographical region in which it would maximize economic efficiency to have the entire region share a single currency.

Finance

Option (finance)

In finance, an option is a contract which conveys to its owner, the holder, the right, but not the obligation, to buy or sell a specific quantity of an underlying asset or instrument at a specified strike price on or before a specified date, depending on the style of the option.

Finance

Option naming convention

In financial markets, an option naming convention is a method of identifying which of many possible options is being quoted or traded.

Finance

Option style

In finance, the style or family of an option is the class into which the option falls, usually defined by the dates on which the option may be exercised. The vast majority of options are either European or American (style) options. These options—as well as others where the payoff is calculated similarly—are referred to as "vanilla options". Options where the payoff is calculated differe

Finance

Option time value

In finance, the time value (TV) (extrinsic or instrumental value) of an option is the premium a rational investor would pay over its current exercise value (intrinsic value), based on the probability it will increase in value before expiry. For an American option this value is always greater than zero in a fair market, thus an option is always worth more than its current exercise value.

Finance

Options strategy

Option strategies are the simultaneous, and often mixed, buying or selling of one or more options that differ in one or more of the options' variables. Call options, simply known as Calls, give the buyer a right to buy a particular stock at that option's strike price. Opposite to that are Put options, simply known as Puts, which give the buyer the right to sell a particular stock at the

Trading basics

ORCA card

The ORCA card (standing for One Regional Card for All) is a contactless, stored-value fare and smart card system for public transit in the Puget Sound region of Washington, United States. It is valid on most transit systems in the Seattle metropolitan area, including Sound Transit, local bus agencies, Washington State Ferries, the King County Water Taxi, and Kitsap Fast Ferries. The ORCA

Trading basics

Organ trade

Organ trade (also known as the blood market or the red market) is the trading of human organs, tissues, or other body products, usually for transplantation. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), organ trade is a commercial transplantation where there is a profit, or transplantations that occur outside of national medical systems. There is a global need or demand for healthy b

Trading basics

Organizational economics

Organizational economics (also referred to as economics of organization) involves the use of economic logic and methods to understand the existence, nature, design, and performance of organizations, especially managed ones.

Trading basics

Oscar Health

Oscar Management Corporation, doing business as Oscar Health is an American for-profit health insurance company, founded in 2012 by Joshua Kushner, Kevin Nazemi and Mario Schlosser, and is headquartered in New York City. The company sells health insurance and additionally provides other services in the health insurance industry through telemedicine, healthcare focused technological inter

Trading basics

OTC Markets Group

OTC Markets Group, Inc. (formerly known as National Quotation Bureau, Pink Sheets, and Pink OTC Markets) is an American financial services corporation that operates a financial market providing price and liquidity information for almost 12,400 over-the-counter (OTC) securities. The group has its headquarters in New York City. OTC-traded securities are organized into four markets to info

Trading basics

Other People's Money

Other People's Money is a 1991 American romantic comedy drama film directed by Norman Jewison and written by Alvin Sargent, based on the 1989 play Other People's Money by Jerry Sterner. The film stars Danny DeVito, Gregory Peck, Penelope Ann Miller, and Piper Laurie. It follows Lawrence "Larry the Liquidator" Garfield (DeVito), a corporate raider who targets a family-owned manufacturing

Banking

Otto.

Otto. (spelled with the period) is Finland's interbank network, connecting the ATMs of nearly every bank in the country. It is owned and operated by Automatia. They offer service in Finnish and Swedish, but also in English to holders of international ATM cards. The word "otto" means "withdrawal" in Finnish, and is also a relatively common German-derived given name. The withdrawal points