Industry WIKI

Bean-to-bar is a business model in which a chocolate manufacturer controls the entire manufacturing process from procuring cocoa beans to creating the end product of consumer chocolate.

A bearer instrument is a document that entitles the holder of the document to rights of ownership or title to the underlying property. In the case of shares (bearer shares) or bonds (bearer bonds), they are called bearer certificates. Unlike normal registered instruments, no record is kept of who owns bearer instruments or of transactions involving transfer of ownership, enabling the own

The Carte Orange was a multiple trip ticket for public transport in Paris, introduced in 1975 and discontinued in 2009. It was replaced by the Week Ticket and the Month Ticket, both of which require a Navigo card. The new Week Ticket allows trips on the Metro, Transilien, RER, Bus, Tram, Funicular and Cable networks in all zones, including access to airports. The new Month Ticket allows

The Cincinnati Time Store (1827–1830) was the first in a series of retail stores created by American individualist anarchist Josiah Warren to test his economic labor theory of value. The experimental store operated from May 18, 1827, until May 1830. He sold things at-cost plus a small markup for his time. It is usually considered to be the first time alternative currency labor notes were

The rial (Persian: ریال ایران, romanised: Riāl-e Irān; symbol: ﷼; abbreviation: Rl (singular) and Rls (plural) or IR in Latin; ISO code: IRR) is the official currency of Iran. It is subdivided into 100 dinars, but due to the rial's low purchasing power, the dinar is not practically used. The Iranian toman is the primary colloquial denomination of the Iranian rial.

Public transport fares in the Île-de-France are determined by Île-de-France Mobilités, the regional autorité organisatrice de transports ("Regional Transport Organisational Authority"). The authority sells a variety of fare types. Single use tickets are intended for infrequent travellers whilst multiple use passes are intended for frequent travellers. Fares can be validated with a Bank c

In the automotive industry, rebadging (also known as badge engineering, an intentionally ironic misnomer in that little or no actual engineering takes place) is a form of market segmentation used by automobile manufacturers around the world. To allow for product differentiation without designing or engineering a new model or brand (at high cost or risk), a manufacturer creates a distinct

The Trillion dollar club is an unofficial classification of the world's major economies with a gross domestic product (nominal GDP) of more than US$1 trillion per year. As of 2025, it included 21 countries. This does not include purchasing power parity, which increases the GDP of many countries with an undervalued currency, which are usually poorer countries.