XPayIndustry WIKIBack to home
XPAY KNOWLEDGE

Industry WIKI

Digital assets and currencies

Understand assets, networks and trading mechanics with sources you can check.

Trading basics

ArcheAge

ArcheAge is an MMORPG developed by Korean developer Jake Song (former developer of Lineage) and his development company, XL Games. The game was released in Korea on January 15, 2013, and in Europe and North America on September 16, 2014. ArcheAge is described as a "sandpark" MMORPG, which the developers say is a hybrid of the open content style of a "sandbox" game and the more structured

Trading basics

Ares Management

Ares Management Corporation is a global alternative investment manager operating in the credit, private equity and real estate markets. The company was founded in 1997, with additional offices across North America, Europe, and Asia.

Trading basics

Arif Naqvi

Arif Masood Naqvi (born 13 July 1960) is a Pakistani businessman, who was the founder and chief executive of the Dubai-based private equity firm, The Abraaj Group and Aman Foundation. The Abraaj Group was founded in 2002 and operated in Africa, Asia, Latin America, Middle East, Turkey and Central Asia, and is currently in liquidation due to accusations of fraud.

Securities & exchanges

Arthur Dantchik

Arthur Dantchik (born 1957) is an American billionaire businessman and philanthropist who is a co-founder and the managing director of Susquehanna International Group, a Bala Cynwyd, Pennsylvania-based financial services firm founded in 1987. As of September 2026, Dantchik's net worth was estimated at $19.5 billion.

Trading basics

Arthur Rock

Arthur Rock (born August 19, 1926) is an American businessman and investor. The founder of Davis & Rock, he was an early investor in major firms including Intel, Apple, Scientific Data Systems and Teledyne.

Trading basics

Article 7A of the New York City housing code

Article 7A of the New York Real Property Actions and Proceedings Law (RPAPL) enables that "a housing court judge appoints an administrator to collect the building's rents and use them for repairs" as an alternative to "fruitless rent strikes." About 10% per year of those appointed in the 1980s were removed, and money accountability problems also occurred. This law can also help expedite

Trading basics

Artificial demand

Artificial demand or manufactured demand constitutes demand for something that, in the absence of exposure to the vehicle of creating demand, would not exist. It has controversial applications in microeconomics (pump and dump strategy) and advertising.

Trading basics

Artificial intelligence in insurance

Artificial intelligence in insurance is the use of machine learning and other artificial intelligence (AI) techniques by insurance companies and intermediaries, for tasks such as underwriting, pricing, claims handling, fraud detection and customer service. Insurers have used statistical models to classify and price risks for decades, and actuaries adopted generalized linear models in the

Finance

Arvind Mayaram

Arvind Mayaram (born 13 October 1955) is an Indian Administrative Service (IAS) officer of 1978 batch belonging to Rajasthan cadre. He was Finance Secretary, Ministry of Finance of Government of India.

Securities & exchanges

Asana, Inc.

Asana, Inc. ( or ) is an American software company based in San Francisco, California whose flagship Asana service is a web and mobile "work management" platform designed to help teams organize, track, and manage their work. Asana, Inc. was founded in 2008 by Dustin Moskovitz and Justin Rosenstein. The product launched commercially in April 2012. In September 2020, the company was valued

Trading basics

Ascension (healthcare system)

Ascension is a large private Catholic healthcare system in the United States. Ascension had 142,000 employees, 90 hospitals, and 40 senior living facilities operating in 17 states and the District of Columbia as of July 1, 2025. Ascension is one of the largest nonprofit and one of the largest Catholic health systems in the United States. It also operates a number of for-profit firms, in

Trading basics

Ascom EasyTicket

The Ascom EasyTicket is a railway ticket issuing system used in Britain, consisting of a series of self-service (passenger-operated) machines at railway stations. Having been introduced in 2003 on a trial basis by several Train Operating Companies (TOCs) at various stations, the system did not spread into common usage, and most machines have since been removed.

Trading basics

Ascory Bank

Ascory Bank AG (formerly Varengold Bank AG) is a German investment bank founded in Hamburg in 1995 that also has offices in London and Sofia.

Trading basics

Asher Edelman

Asher Barry Edelman (born November 26, 1939) is an American financier.

Payments & settlement

Aspire (platform)

Aspire is a Singapore-based financial technology platform providing financial services and software for businesses, including multi-currency accounts, corporate cards, payments, foreign-exchange services and expense management. Its operations have expanded from Southeast Asia to more than 30 markets, with regulatory approvals and registrations in jurisdictions including Hong Kong, Austra

Trading basics

Asset price inflation

Asset price inflation is the economic phenomenon whereby the price of assets rises and becomes inflated. A common reason for higher asset prices is low interest rates. When interest rates are low, investors and savers cannot make easy returns using low-risk methods such as government bonds or savings accounts. To still get a return on their money, investors instead have to buy up other a

Finance

Association for the Taxation of Financial Transactions and for Citizens' Action

The Association for the Taxation of Financial Transactions and for Citizens' Action (French: Association pour la Taxation des Transactions financières et pour l'Action Citoyenne, ATTAC) is an activist organisation originally created to promote the establishment of a tax on foreign exchange transactions.

Banking

Association of German Public Banks

The Association of German Public Banks (German: Bundesverband Öffentlicher Banken Deutschlands, generally referred to as VÖB) is a leading association within the German banking sector, bringing together most of the German public banking sector except the local-level savings banks (German: Sparkassen). Its membership includes 63 banks, including the Landesbanks that are also members of th

Finance

Association of Public Treasurers of the United States and Canada

Association of Public Treasurers of the United States and Canada (APTUSC) is the professional society of active public treasurers of counties, provinces, cities, and special districts in the United States and Canada. It sets ethical standards for the treasury profession in state and local government.

Trading basics

Assurant

Assurant, Inc. is a global provider of risk management products and services with headquarters in Atlanta. Its businesses provide a diverse set of speciality, niche-market insurance products in the property, casualty, extended device protection, and insurance sectors. The company's main operating segments are Global Housing and Global Lifestyle.

Trading basics

AT HOP card

The AT HOP card is an electronic fare payment card that was released in two versions on Auckland public transport services, beginning in May 2011. The smart card roll out was the first phase in the introduction of an integrated ticketing and fares system (Auckland Integrated Fares System, or "AIFS") that was rolled out across the region.

Trading basics

Athenahealth

Athenahealth, Inc. is a privately held American company that provides cloud-based SaaS healthcare technology and network-enabled services and point-of-care mobile apps for healthcare in the United States. Its primary product is athenaOne, an all-in-one software platform that combines electronic health record (EHR), practice management, medical billing, claims denials, prior authorization

Banking

Atlante (private equity fund)

Atlante is an Italian banking sector owned bail-out equity fund that is dedicated to recapitalize some Italian banks, as well as purchase the securities of the junior tranches of non-performing loans. It was established in 2015 in response to the Italian bad debt crisis of that year. The fund was under regulation by the EU Alternative Investment Fund Managers Directive.

Trading basics

Atlantic Express (bus company)

Atlantic Express was an operator of transit buses, paratransit and school buses in the United States, specializing primarily in school bus service, while operating transit buses in New York City. At the time of its closure, Atlantic Express was the fifth largest school bus operator in the United States and Canada, behind First Student/First Student Canada, Durham School Services, Student

Fiat currencies

Atlantic Money

Atlantic Money is a London-headquartered financial technology company that offers international money transfers for a fixed fee. The firm was founded in 2020 and officially launched in 2022 by two Americans, Neeraj Baid and Patrick Kavanagh, both early employees of the listed US financial services company Robinhood.

Payments & settlement

ATM

An automated teller machine (ATM) is an electronic telecommunications device that enables customers of financial institutions to perform financial transactions, such as cash withdrawals, deposits, funds transfers, balance or account information inquiries, at any time and without the need for direct interaction with bank staff.

Banking

ATM Bersama

ATM Bersama (lit. 'Common ATMs') is an interbank network in Indonesia, connecting the ATM networks of twenty-one banks. It was established 1993 and is based on the model adopted by MegaLink, an interbank network in the Philippines.

Trading basics

ATM Industry Association

The ATM Industry Association (ATMIA), originally the ATM Owners Association, was established in 1997 in the United States as a global nonprofit trade association to service an industry that built around the global growth of the ATM.

Banking

ATM Link

ATM Link (a shortened form of Lintas Network) is an interbank network serving Indonesian State-owned Banks Association (Himbara), comprising Bank Mandiri, Bank Rakyat Indonesia, Bank Negara Indonesia, and Bank Tabungan Negara. The network provides cash withdrawal and inquiry services for customers of member banks of Himbara.

Trading basics

Atrium Health

Charlotte-Mecklenburg Hospital Authority (doing business as Atrium Health, and formerly doing business as Carolinas HealthCare System) is an American hospital network in the southern United States. The parent corporation, also named Atrium Health, merged with Advocate Aurora Health creating Advocate Health in December 2022. It operates 40 hospitals, 9 freestanding emergency departments,

Trading basics

Attribution (marketing)

In marketing, attribution, also known as multi-touch attribution (MTA), is the identification of a set of user actions ("events" or "touchpoints") that contribute to a desired outcome, and then the assignment of a value to each of these events. Marketing attribution provides a level of understanding of what combination of events in what particular order influence individuals to engage in

Trading basics

Audience measurement

Audience measurement calculates how many people are in an audience, usually in relation to radio listenership and television viewership, but also in relation to newspaper and magazine readership and, increasingly, web traffic. The term is sometimes used with regard to practices that help broadcasters and advertisers determine who is listening, rather than how many people are listening. I

Finance

Audit Scotland

Audit Scotland (Scottish Gaelic: Buidheann-sgrùdaidh na h-Alba) is an independent public body responsible for auditing most of Scotland's public organisations.

Banking

Australian Payments Council

The Australian Payments Council is the strategic coordination body for the payments industry. It promotes industry collaboration and engages directly with the Reserve Bank of Australia’s Payments System Board (PSB).

Trading basics

Australian Prudential Regulation Authority

The Australian Prudential Regulation Authority (APRA) is a statutory authority of the Australian Government and the prudential regulator of the Australian financial services industry. APRA was established on 1 July 1998 in response to the recommendations of the Wallis Inquiry. APRA's authority and scope is determined pursuant to the Australian Prudential Regulation Authority Act, 1998 (C

Securities & exchanges

Australian Securities and Investments Commission

The Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC) is an independent commission of the Australian Government tasked as the national corporate regulator. ASIC's role is to regulate company and financial services and enforce laws to protect Australian consumers, investors and creditors. ASIC, which reports to the treasurer, was established on 1 July 1998 following recommendations

Trading basics

Australian Securities Exchange

Australian Securities Exchange Ltd (ASX) is an Australian public company that operates Australia's primary securities exchange, the Australian Securities Exchange. The ASX was formed on 1 April 1987, through incorporation under legislation by the Parliament of Australia as an amalgamation of the six state securities exchanges. It merged with the Sydney Futures Exchange in 2006.

Finance

Australian securities law

Australian securities law relates to securities issued by corporations as well as other securities, including debentures, stocks and bonds issued by governments, and interests in managed investment schemes.

Payments & settlement

Authorize.Net

Authorize.Net is a United States–based payment gateway service provider, allowing merchants to accept credit card and electronic check payments through their website and over an Internet Protocol (IP) connection. Founded in 1996 as Authorize.Net, Inc., the company is now a subsidiary of Visa Inc. Its service permits customers to enter credit card and shipping information directly onto a

Payments & settlement

Automatic Bank Services

Automatic Bank Services Ltd. (Hebrew: שירותי בנק אוטומטיים; abbreviated as Shva Hebrew: שבא) is an Israeli company that provides communications and computing services in the banking sector in Israel. Its main field is the clearing of credit card transactions. The company's first CEO, until 1984, was Yoram Elster. After him, for more than thirty years, the CEO was Gideon Milowitzki. CEO M

Finance

Avant (company)

Avant, LLC, formerly AvantCredit, is a private Chicago, Illinois-based company in the financial technology industry. The company was established in 2012 by serial entrepreneur Albert "Al" Goldstein, John Sun, and Paul Zhang. Initially structured as a mid-prime lender, the company issued its first personal unsecured loan in early 2013 using its proprietary technology to determine an indiv

Trading basics

AvaTrade

AvaTrade is a privately held online brokerage group headquartered in Dublin, Ireland. Founded in 2006 as AvaFX by Emanuel Kronitz and Negev Nosatzki, it offers trading in the foreign exchange market, contracts for difference (CFDs), commodities, stock market indexes, shares, exchange-traded funds, options, futures, cryptocurrencyies, and bonds through its trading platforms and mobile app

Trading basics

Axel Springer SE

Axel Springer SE (German: [ˈaksl̩ ˈʃpʁɪŋɐ ɛsˈeː]) is a European multinational mass and online media company, based in Berlin, Germany. The company offers printing and publishing of advertisements, digital classifieds portfolio, marketing models and related services. Axel Springer's operations are segmented into News Media, Classifieds Media, and Marketing Media. The company is organized

Assets

Axie Infinity

Axie Infinity is a blockchain game developed by Vietnamese studio Sky Mavis in 2018, known for its in-game economy which uses Ethereum-based cryptocurrencies. It has been called "a pyramid scheme that relies on cheap labor from countries like the Philippines to fuel its growth."

Trading basics

Azimo

Azimo B.V. was an online remittance service headquartered in Amsterdam, Netherlands. It also had offices in Kraków, Poland.

Trading basics

Azul Brazilian Airlines

Azul Linhas Aéreas Brasileiras S/A (Azul Brazilian Airlines; or simply Azul) is a Brazilian airline headquartered in Barueri, a suburb of São Paulo. The company's business model is to stimulate demand by providing frequent and affordable air service to underserved markets throughout Brazil. The company was named Azul ("Blue" in Portuguese) after a naming contest in 2008, where "Samba" wa

Trading basics

BahnCard

BahnCard (German Bahn – Rail) is a discount subscription programme offered by Deutsche Bahn (DB), the German national railway company. Unlike airline loyalty programs, but similarly to the UK Railcard, the BahnCard entitles the passenger to a discount price and must be purchased prior to travel.

Payments & settlement

Balance of trade

Balance of trade is the difference between the monetary value of a nation's exports and imports of goods over a certain time period. Sometimes, trade in services is also included in the balance of trade but the official IMF definition only considers goods. The balance of trade measures a flow variable of exports and imports over a given period of time. The notion of the balance of trade

Trading basics

Baltic Exchange

The Baltic Exchange (incorporated as The Baltic Exchange Limited) is a British financial services company and membership organisation for the maritime industry, and freight market information provider for the trading and settlement of chartering and derivative contracts.

Banking

Banca delle Marche

Banca Adriatica S.p.A. trading as UBI Banca Adriatica and formerly known as Nuova Banca delle Marche S.p.A. was an Italian bank based in Jesi, Marche region. It has operations in several regions in central Italy, but concentrated in Marche region, which 73% of the branches were located in that region as of 2016. The bank was formed on 22 November 2015 by the spin off of the good assets o

Banking

Banca Monte dei Paschi di Siena

Banca Monte dei Paschi di Siena S.p.A. (Italian pronunciation: [ˈbaŋka ˈmonte dei ˈpaski di ˈsjɛːna]), known as BMPS or just MPS, is an Italian bank. Tracing its history to a mount of piety founded in 1472 (554 years ago) and established in its present form in 1624 (402 years ago), it is the world's oldest bank, and after the acquisition of Mediobanca in 2025 it is the third largest Ital

Banking

Banca Popolare di Vicenza

Banca Popolare di Vicenza (BPVi) was an Italian bank and currently a winding-down company. The banking group along was the 15th-largest retail and corporate bank of Italy by total assets at 31 December 2016, according to Mediobanca. However, its sister bank Veneto Banca also ranked 16th in the same ranking, making the whole banking group that under Atlante, had a higher pro-forma total a

Banking

BancNet

BancNet (also spelled Bancnet) is a Philippine-based interbank network connecting the ATM networks of local and offshore banks, and the country's single interbank network in the Philippines in terms of the number of member banks and annual transactions. Due to its status as the country's single ATM switch operator, it is designated by the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP) as the country

Trading basics

Banco Ambrosiano

Banco Ambrosiano (Italian pronunciation: [ˈban.ko am.broˈzja.no]; lit. 'Milanese Bank') was an Italian bank that was established in 1896 and collapsed in 1982. The Vatican-based Institute for the Works of Religion, commonly known as the Vatican Bank, was Banco Ambrosiano's main shareholder.

Banking

Banco di Napoli

Banco di Napoli S.p.A., among the oldest banks in the world, was an Italian banking subsidiary of Intesa Sanpaolo group, as one of the 6 retail brands other than "Intesa Sanpaolo". It was acquired by the Italian banking group Sanpaolo IMI (the predecessor of Intesa Sanpaolo) in 2002 and ceased being an independent bank. In February 2018, Intesa Sanpaolo announced their new business plan,

Banking

Banco Espírito Santo

Banco Espírito Santo (Portuguese pronunciation: [ˈbɐ̃ku (i)ʃˈpiɾitu ˈsɐ̃tu], BES) was a Portuguese bank based in Lisbon that on 3 August 2014 was split in two banks: Novo Banco, which kept its healthy operations, and a "bad bank" to keep its toxic assets.

Banking

Banco Hispano Americano

Banco Hispano Americano (BHA) was a private Spanish bank that operated during most of the 20th century, becoming one of the most important financial institutions in the country. The activities of the Hispano Americano were not limited to the financial sector and it also had a prominent presence in the industrial sector through various investments. It was also linked to foreign trade, ope

Finance

Banco Santander

Banco Santander S.A., trading as Santander Group (UK: SAN-tən-DAIR, -⁠tan-, US: SAHN-tahn-DAIR, Spanish: [ˈbaŋko santanˈdeɾ]), is a Spanish multinational financial services company based in Santander. It is Europe's 4th largest bank by assets, with $2.251 trillion in assets and the 16th-largest banking institution in the world. Although known for its European banking operations, it has

Banking

Bancomat (interbank network)

Bancomat is an Italian interbank network for cash withdrawals widely used in Italy. It was first introduced in 1983 for use with automated teller machines.

Finance

Bangladesh Krishi Bank

Bangladesh Krishi Bank (Bengali: বাংলাদেশ কৃষি ব্যাংক) is a fully government owned bank in Bangladesh founded in 1973. The primary purpose of the bank is to provide services to farmers and agricultural industry. Rajshahi Krishi Unnayan Bank is the other state owned agriculture bank in Bangladesh.

Banking

Bank account debits tax

Bank account debits tax (BADT or BAD), typically called the bad tax in the media, was an Australian bank transaction tax, levied on customer withdrawals from bank accounts with a cheque facility (both withdrawals made by cheque or by another means, such as EFTPOS).

Banking

Bank Bali scandal

The Bank Bali scandal occurred in Indonesia in 1999 when Golkar Party officials colluded with the Indonesian Bank Restructuring Agency (IBRA) to coerce Bank Bali chief Rudy Ramli to pay an illegal commission of Rp546 billion (then equivalent to about US$80 million) to private company Era Giat Prima in order to collect Rp904.6 billion owed by two banks taken over by IBRA.

Payments & settlement

Bank Clearing Center

Bank Clearing Center Ltd. (Hebrew: מרכז סליקה בנקאי; known in its abbrevatiion Masav (Hebrew: Masav) operates the national infrastructure for payment transfers in the Israeli economy. Masav leads the payments and clearing sector in Israel and operates advanced payment transfer systems for tens of thousands of organizations, financial entities and government institutions in Israel. The v

Banking

Bank examiner

A bank examiner is a financial professional who has the task of making sure that banks and savings and loan associations are operating legally and safely, in accordance with the bank regulations imposed on these institutions by the chartering level of government. In the United States, they may conduct supervision on behalf of a U.S. government agency, the Federal Reserve System, a state

Banking

Bank Holding Company Act

The Bank Holding Company Act of 1956 (12 U.S.C. § 1841, et seq.) is a United States Act of Congress that regulates the actions of bank holding companies.

Finance

Bank of America

The Bank of America Corporation (Bank of America; often abbreviated BAC, BofA, or, less commonly, BOA) is an American multinational bank and financial services holding company headquartered at the Bank of America Corporate Center in Charlotte, North Carolina, with investment banking and auxiliary headquarters in Manhattan. The bank was formed by the merger of NationsBank and the legacy c

Banking

Bank of British Columbia

Two Canadian banks have been named the Bank of British Columbia. The first ran from 1862 to 1901 and merged with the Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce. The second operated from 1966 to 1986 and was merged into the Hongkong Bank of Canada.

Finance

Bank of Ceylon

Bank of Ceylon (BOC; Sinhala: ලංකා බැංකුව Lanka Bænkuwa, Tamil: இலங்கை வங்கி Ilangai Vangi) is a state-owned, major commercial bank in Sri Lanka. Its head office is located in an iconic cylindrical building in Colombo.

Finance

Bank of China

The Bank of China (BOC; Chinese: 中国银行; pinyin: Zhōngguó Yínháng; Portuguese: Banco da China) is a state-owned Chinese multinational banking and financial services corporation headquartered in Beijing, China. It is one of the "big four" banks in China. As of 31 December 2019, it was the second-largest lender in China overall and ninth-largest bank in the world by market capitalization val

Banking

Bank of Dave (film)

Bank of Dave is a 2023 British biographical comedy-drama film directed by Chris Foggin, written by Piers Ashworth and produced by Matt Williams, Karl Hall and Piers Tempest. It stars Joel Fry, Phoebe Dynevor, Rory Kinnear, Hugh Bonneville, Paul Kaye, Jo Hartley and Cathy Tyson.

Trading basics

Bank of Montreal

The Bank of Montreal (French: Banque de Montréal, pronounced [bɑ̃k də mɔ̃ʁeal]), abbreviated as BMO (pronounced BEE-moh), is a Canadian multinational investment bank and financial services company.

Banking

Bank of North America

The Bank of North America was the first chartered bank in the United States, and served as the country's first de facto central bank. It was chartered by the Congress of the Confederation on May 26, 1781, and opened in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on January 7, 1782.

Finance

Bank Simpanan Nasional

Bank Simpanan Nasional or BSN (translated as National Savings Bank and also abbreviated as NSB) is a government-owned savings bank based in Malaysia. It offers banking services via BSN branches and BSN Banking Agents (EB BSN).

Banking

Bank tax

A bank tax, or a bank levy, is a tax on banks which was discussed in the context of the 2008 financial crisis. The bank tax is levied on the capital at risk of financial institutions, excluding federally insured deposits, with the aim of discouraging banks from taking unnecessary risks. The bank tax is levied on a limited number of sophisticated taxpayers and is not especially difficult

Banking

Bank teller

A bank teller (North American English) or a bank clerk (British English, Australian English and New Zealand English) (often abbreviated to simply teller or clerk) is an employee of a bank whose responsibilities include the handling of customer cash and negotiable instruments. In some places, this employee is known as a cashier or customer representative. Tellers also deal with routine cu

Banking

Bank vault

A bank vault is a secure room used by banks to store and protect valuables, cash, and important documents. Modern bank vaults are typically made of reinforced concrete and steel, with complex locking mechanisms and security systems. This article covers the design, construction, and security features of bank vaults.

Banking

BankAxept

BankAxept is the national payment system in Norway, used both physically and eventually digitally. The security of BankAxept is accomplished with the use of chip technology and PIN codes. Payments of less than NOK 500 can be carried contactless and without use of a PIN code. By using BankAxept, the money is charged from the cardholder's account immediately, and it is always verified whet

Banking

Bankcard-Servicenetz

The Bankcard-Servicenetz (lit. 'bank card service network') is a German ATM card interbank network group provided by the Volksbanken und Raiffeisenbanken services group. Technically it is not an interbank network but uses the pre-existing girocard network. Member banks of this cash credit group charge ATM usage fees at a low level and most customers of the co-operative banks enjoy free w

Banking

Bankers' bonuses

Bankers' bonuses are traditionally paid or awarded to some workers in the finance industry at the end of the bank's financial year. They are intended to reward employee behavior during that year that has increased the profits of the bank or some relevant part of its business, as shown by the annual accounts. The bonus culture is usually associated with the front office or investment bank

Banking

Bankia

Bankia (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈbaŋkja]) was a Spanish financial services company that was formed in December 2010, consolidating the operations of seven regional savings banks, and was partially nationalized by the government of Spain in May 2012 due to the near-collapse of the institution. As of 2017, Bankia was the fourth largest bank in Spain, with total assets of €179.1 billion. In

Trading basics

Banking as a service

Banking as a service (BaaS) is the provision of banking products (such as deposit accounts, loans and credit cards) to customers through non-bank or non-financial third party partnerships. The bank provides the balance sheet management, including capital, liquidity and credit risk management, while the partner company (typically a fintech) interacts directly with the customer via their p

Banking

Banking Codes and Standards Board of India

The Banking Codes and Standards Board of India (BCSBI) was an independent banking industry watchdog that protects consumers of banking services in India. The board oversaw compliance with the "Code of Bank's Commitment to Customers". It was not a compensation mechanism and looked into an individual complaint only to the extent it points to any systemic compliance failure. It was an inde

Banking

Banking in ancient Rome

In ancient Rome there were a variety of officials tasked with banking. These were the argentarii, mensarii, coactores, and nummularii. The argentarii were money changers. The role of the mensarii was to help people through economic hardships, the coactores were hired to collect money and give it to their employer, and the nummularii minted and tested currency. They offered credit systems

Banking

Banking in Austria

The banking system in Austria plays a pivotal role in the country's economy, ensuring financial stability and providing essential services to both individuals and businesses. The Austrian banking system is characterized by a three-tier structure, consisting of joint-stock banks, savings banks (Sparkassen), and cooperative banks (Raiffeisenbanken and Volksbanken).

Banking

Banking in Bangladesh

Bangladesh, classified as a developing country, faces challenges in its banking sector, particularly concerning the services and customer care provided by state-owned banks.

Banking

Banking in Bhutan

Banking in Bhutan, a small country in East Asia, is an industry that has grown slowly as the country has pursued modernization. The country has a vibrant informal culture of finance which only weakly integrates formal financial services.

Banking

Banking in New Zealand

The Banking sector in New Zealand dates back to the early days of European settlement in the country. Over the years, the banking industry has played a vital role in supporting economic growth and development, providing financial services to individuals, businesses, and the government. This article explores the significant milestones and transformations in the history of the New Zealand

Banking

Banking in Panama

Panama has a substantial financial services sector. The sector grew up providing trade finance for trade passing through the Panama Canal, and later evolved into money laundering for the drug trade under Manuel Noriega.

Banking

Banking in the United Kingdom

Banking in the United Kingdom encompasses a system of banks and bank-like financial institutions that provide financial services to consumers and businesses, overseen by regulators and ultimately, the central bank, the Bank of England. The sector consists of incumbent major banks and innovative challenger banks. Fitch has described it as "one of the most developed and competitive [bankin

Banking

Banking in the United States

In the United States, banking had begun by the 1780s, along with the country's founding. It has developed into a highly influential and complex system of banking and financial services. Anchored by New York City and Wall Street, it is centered on various financial services, such as private banking, asset management, and deposit security.

Banking

Banking in Tunisia

Banking in Tunisia is a service industry comprising 23 domestic banks of which, are three state owned banks.

Banking

Banking Industry Architecture Network

The Banking Industry Architecture Network e.V. (BIAN) is an independent, member owned, not-for-profit association to establish and promote a common architectural framework for enabling banking interoperability. It was established in 2008.

Banking

Banking lobby

The banking lobby refers to the representatives from various firms and organizations seeking favorable terms from governments for big banks and other financial service companies through lobbying and advocacy groups.

Banking

Banking Regulation Act, 1949

The Banking Regulation Act, 1949 is a law in India that regulates all banking companies in India. Passed as the Banking Companies Act 1949, it came into force on 16 March 1949 and changed to Banking Regulation Act 1949 from 1 March 1966. It is applicable in Jammu and Kashmir from 1956. Initially, the law was applicable only to banking companies. But, in 1965 it was amended to make it ap

Banking

Banking software

Banking software refers to computer systems used by financial institutions to manage and deliver banking services. These systems support functions such as account management, transaction processing, record keeping, and customer interactions across various channels. Banking software may include core baking systems as well as applications for online, mobile, and automated services. Its

Banking

Banknotes of the Hong Kong dollar

The issue of banknotes of the Hong Kong dollar is governed in the Special Administrative Region of Hong Kong by the Hong Kong Monetary Authority (HKMA), the governmental currency board and central bank of Hong Kong. Under licence from the HKMA, three commercial banks issue their own banknotes for general circulation in the region. Notes are also issued by the HKMA itself.

Fiat currencies

Banknotes of the Republic of Ireland

The Irish Free State, subsequently known as Ireland, resolved in the mid-1920s to design its own coins and banknotes. Upon issuing the new currency, the Free State government pegged its value to the pound sterling. The Currency Act, 1927 was passed as a basis for creating banknotes and the "Saorstát pound" (later the "Irish pound") as the "standard unit of value." The legal tender notes

Finance

Bankrate

Bankrate, LLC is a consumer financial services company based in New York City. Bankrate.com, perhaps its best-known brand, is a personal finance website. As of November 8, 2017, it became a subsidiary of Red Ventures through an acquisition. Bankrate contains AI-generated articles, and, like most other websites owned by Red Ventures, is considered "generally unreliable" by Wikipedia due t

Finance

Bankruptcy

Bankruptcy is a legal process through which people or other entities who cannot repay debts to creditors may seek relief from some or all of their debts. In most jurisdictions, bankruptcy is imposed by a court order, often initiated by the debtor.

Finance

Banks Board Bureau

Banks Board Bureau (BBB) (now replaced by Financial Services Institution Bureau since 2022) was an autonomous body of the Government of India tasked to search and select appropriate personages for the Board of Public Sector Banks, Public Sector Financial Institutions, and Public Sector Insurance Companies and recommend measures to improve Corporate Governance in these Institutions. In 20