Industry WIKI

The National Academy of Customs, Indirect Taxes and Narcotics (NACIN) formerly known as National Academy of Customs, Excise and Narcotics (NACEN) is the apex civil service training institute of the Government of India for capacity building of civil servants in the field of indirect taxation, particularly the areas of Customs, GST, Central Excise, Service Tax and Narcotics Control Admin

The National Association of Securities Market Participants (Russian: Национальная ассоциация участников фондового рынка, abbreviated НАУФОР), commonly known as NAUFOR, is a self-regulatory organization (SRO) in the Russian financial market that functions as an industry association and quasi-regulator for professional participants in Russia's securities markets.

National Audit Office of Finland (abbreviated NAOF, Finnish: Valtiontalouden tarkastusvirasto (VTV); Swedish: Statens revisionsverk oversees the management of public finances in Finland and monitors fiscal policies and oversees election campaign and party funding. It operates as the supreme external auditor in connection with the Parliament. Independent audit work ensures that state fund

National Automated Clearing House, introduced by National Payments Corporation of India, is a centralised clearing service that aims at providing interbank high volume, low value transactions that are repetitive and periodic in nature. Offering credit and debit service to corporates, banks, and financial institutions, the service, aimed at integrating all regional ECS into one National

National Common Mobility Card (NCMC) is a contactless smart card conceived by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs under Prime Minister Narendra Modi's ‘One Nation, One Card' vision. It was launched on 4 March 2019. The transit card enables the user to pay for travel, tolls, retail shopping and withdraw money.

National Financial Switch (NFS) is the largest network of shared automated teller machines (ATMs) in India. It was designed, developed and deployed by the Institute for Development and Research in Banking Technology (IDRBT) in 2004, with the goal of inter-connecting the ATMs in the country and facilitating convenience banking. It is run by the National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI

The National Infrastructure and Service Transformation Authority (NISTA), established in April 2025, is a public agency advising the UK Government on infrastructure delivery and improvement. A joint unit of HM Treasury and the Cabinet Office, it combines the functions of the former National Infrastructure Commission and the Infrastructure and Projects Authority.

The National Infrastructure Commission was an executive agency responsible for providing expert advice to the UK Government on infrastructure challenges facing the UK, between 2015 and April 2025, when it was superseded by the National Infrastructure and Service Transformation Authority (NISTA).

The National Insurance Act 1911 (1 & 2 Geo. 5. c. 55) was an act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that created National Insurance, originally a system of health insurance for industrial workers in Great Britain based on contributions from employers, the government, and the workers themselves.

National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI) is an Indian public sector company that operates retail payments and settlement systems in India. The organization is an initiative of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) and the Indian Banks' Association (IBA) under the provisions of the Payment and Settlement Systems Act, 2007, for creating a robust payment and settlement infrastructure in Indi

The Central Directorate of National Savings is a Pakistani state-owned savings bank, operating as an attached department under the Finance Division, Ministry of Finance led by the Director General. It is based in Melody Market, Islamabad.

National Savings and Investments (NS&I), formerly called the Post Office Savings Bank and National Savings, is a state-owned savings bank in the United Kingdom, based in London, England.

National Securities Depository Limited (NSDL) is an Indian central securities depository, based in Mumbai. It was established in August 1996 as the first electronic securities depository in India with national coverage. As of 2025, its demat accounts held assets worth ₹464 lakh crore ($4.64 trillion).

The National Settlement Depository (NSD), headquartered in Moscow, is a Russian non-bank financial institution and central securities depository (CSD). It provides depository, settlement (bank account), and related services to financial market entities. Its services cover both securities listed in Russia's 2011 Federal Law "On the Central Securities Depository", and other Russian and for

The National Social Security Fund (NSSF; also NSSF Uganda), is a quasi-government agency responsible for the collection, safekeeping, responsible investment, and distribution of retirement funds from employees of the private sector in Uganda who are not covered by the Government Retirement Scheme. Participation for both employers and employees is compulsory. The Uganda National Social Se

National Stock Exchange of India Limited, also known as the National Stock Exchange (NSE), is an Indian stock exchange based in Mumbai. It is the 5th largest stock exchange in the world by total market capitalization, exceeding $5 trillion in May 2024.

The National Wealth Fund is a public finance institution of the United Kingdom, created in October 2024 when the UK Infrastructure Bank was refocused and branded as the National Wealth Fund to mobilise private capital for clean energy and industrial transformation, and to support long-term regional growth. It is sponsored by HM Treasury and operates at arm’s length under a Statement of S

Nationlink is an interbank network and EFTPOS network in the Philippines. Unlike the main Philippine interbank networks, BancNet, ENS, Expressnet and MegaLink, Nationlink does not attempt to compete. Instead, it seeks to complement those networks by extending the reach of ATMs in the countryside, as the main networks are concentrated in urban areas. Its closest competitor is the Encash N

Japan's Nationwide Mutual Usage Service is a system that enables reciprocal use of the country's ten major transportation IC cards. Launched on March 23, 2013, it allows passengers to use their card across participating public, private, and third-sector transportation systems throughout Japan. As of May 12, 2025, the service was available on services operated by 348 transit operators.

Natural Asset Companies, abbreviated as NACs, are designed to mobilize private investment for ecological conservation, nature-based solutions, and regenerative land management. Developed by the Intrinsic Exchange Group (IEG), NACs integrate the economic value of nature, including ecosystem services, into a corporation with an equity capital structure.

Natural capital is the world's stock of natural resources, which includes geology, soils, air, water and all living organisms. Some natural capital assets provide people with free goods and services, often called ecosystem services. All of these underpin our economy and society, and thus make human life possible.

The Natural Capital Committee (NCC) was an independent body set up in 2012, initially for a three-year period, to report to the UK Government and advise on how to value nature and to ensure England's 'natural wealth' is managed efficiently and sustainably. During its first term it produced three reports to government on the 'State of Natural Capital'. It has called on the Office for Nati

Natural gas prices, as with other commodity prices, are mainly driven by supply and demand fundamentals. However, natural gas prices may also be linked to the price of crude oil and petroleum products, especially in continental Europe. Natural gas prices in the US had historically followed oil prices, but in the recent years, it has decoupled from oil and is now trending somewhat with c

NCR Voyix Corporation, previously known as NCR Corporation and National Cash Register, is a global software, consulting and technology company providing several professional services and electronic products. It produces self-service kiosks, point-of-sale software and terminals, check processing systems, thermal printers, and barcode scanners.

The Neapolitan sums (Polish: Sumy neapolitańskie) refers to a loan made in 1557 by Bona Sforza, dowager Queen of Poland and Grand Duchess of Lithuania, to Philip II of Spain. The debt was never repaid and continued to be disputed between the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and Kingdom of Spain up until the Third Partition in 1795. The phrase sumy neapolitańskie became synonymous in the Po

NEAR is a public blockchain platform that uses a proof-of-stake consensus mechanism and provides smart-contract functionality. Its native cryptocurrency is NEAR. It was founded in 2018 by Illia Polosukhin and Alexander Skidanov, with mainnet launching in 2020.

NEC Corporation (日本電気株式会社, Nippon Denki Kabushiki gaisha; an acronym for Nippon Electric Company) is a Japanese multinational conglomerate corporation headquartered at the NEC Supertower in Minato, Tokyo, Japan. It sells IT and network services, including cloud computing, artificial intelligence (AI), Internet of Things (IoT) platform, and telecommunications equipment and software to bus

NEC Software Solutions UK is a United Kingdom–based software and technology services provider, founded in 1969.

A neobank is a type of direct bank that operates exclusively using online banking without traditional physical branches. In contrast to direct banks, in many cases, neobanks do not have their own banking licenses, and instead rely on partner banks. They typically have lower operational costs, which can sometimes result in lower fees and more competitive interest rates.

NEP Group, Inc. also known as NEP Supershooters LP (formerly NEP Broadcasting LLC) is a Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania based and privately owned international production company that provides outsourced teleproduction services for major events throughout the world.

The uniform net capital rule is a rule created by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") in 1975 to regulate directly the ability of broker-dealers to meet their financial obligations to customers and other creditors. Broker-dealers are companies that trade securities for customers (i.e., brokers) and for their own accounts (i.e., dealers).

Net metering (or net energy metering, NEM) is an electricity billing mechanism that allows consumers who generate some or all of their own electricity to use that electricity at any time, instead of when it is generated. This is particularly important with renewable energy sources like wind and solar, which are non-dispatchable (when not coupled to storage). Monthly net metering allows c

Netkey is a company that provides applications and management software for self-service kiosks and digital signage. The Netkey software suite consists of packaged applications, an integrated development environment (IDE) for the assembly of kiosk applications, and server software providing kiosk and digital signage remote monitoring, content management and scheduling, data and usage capt

Neustar, Inc. is an American technology company that provides real-time information and analytics for risk, digital performance, defense, telecommunications, entertainment, and marketing industries, and also provides clearinghouse and directory services to the global communications and Internet industries. Neustar was the domain name registry for a number of top-level domains, including

Neverness to Everness (NTE; simplified Chinese: 异环; traditional Chinese: 異環; pinyin: Yì Huán, lit. 'Strange Ring') is an open world action role-playing hack and slash game developed by Hotta Studio, a subsidiary of Perfect World. In the city of Hethereau, the player is an Appraiser who explores the open world and fights hostile forces.

New Kabul Bank is a bank in Afghanistan that has its main branch in the capital city of Kabul. It was established in 2004 as the Kabul Bank, the first private bank in Afghanistan. After corruption and scandals it was re-established in 2011 as the New Kabul Bank.

The New Payments Platform (NPP), owned and operated by New Payments Platform Australia Ltd (NPPA) is a national industry-wide real-time payments platform for Australia. As of April 2025, there are over 25 million registered PayIDs.

NSW Treasury is a department of the New South Wales Government, is responsible for state financial management policy and reporting, and providing advice to the government on economic conditions and issues in New South Wales, Australia. NSW Treasury was established in April 1824 and is the oldest continuing government agency in Australia.

The New York City Department of Finance (DOF) is the revenue service, taxation agency and recorder of deeds of the government of New York City. Its Parking Violations Bureau is an administrative court that adjudicates parking violations, while its Sheriff's Office is the city's primary civil law enforcement agency. Thr current commissioner is Richard Lee, appointed by NYC Mayor Zohran Ma

The New York Institute of Finance (NYIF) is an American for-profit provider of continuing professional education that was founded by the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) in 1922.

The New Zealand Treasury (Māori: Te Tai Ōhanga) is the central public service department of New Zealand charged with advising the Government on economic policy, assisting with improving the performance of New Zealand's economy, and managing financial resources. The minister responsible for the Treasury is the Minister of Finance of New Zealand; however, from 1996 to 2002, there existed a

Television news ratings in Australia are collected by three main organisations: OzTAM in metropolitan areas, Regional TAM in regional areas serviced by three commercial television networks, and in areas with two commercial networks, Nielsen Media Research Australia. Ratings are collected for 40 weeks during the year, excluding a two-week break during Easter and ten weeks over summer. The

A newspaper is a periodical publication containing written information about current events and is often typed in black ink with a white or gray background. Newspapers can cover a wide variety of fields such as politics, business, sports, art, science, and religions. They often include materials such as opinion columns, weather forecasts, reviews of local services, obituaries, birth noti

NEXGO (also known as Shenzhen Xinguodu Technology Co., Ltd.) is a global manufacturer of high-tech payment terminals, PIN pads and point of sale hardware and software. The company is headquartered in Shenzhen, China, and engages in research and development, production, sale, and leasing of financial point of sale (POS) machines and related electronic payment processing products. Its busi

Nexi S.p.A., formerly known as Istituto Centrale delle Banche Popolari Italiane S.p.A. (ICBPI), is an Italian company that offers digital payment services and infrastructure for banks, companies, institutions, and public administrations.

Niall Scott Kilgour Booker (born September 1958) is a Scottish banker who was Chief Executive of The Co-operative Bank from May 2013 to December 2016. Previously, he spent 30 years working for HSBC, where his roles included country or regional heads in India, Thailand, the Middle East and North America. He has been described as a "clean-up expert", having helped HSBC in North America to

The Nigerian Financial Intelligence Unit (NFIU) is the financial intelligence unit of Nigeria, responsible for collecting and analyzing disclosures from reporting organizations, in order to produce financial intelligence to other agencies combating money laundering, terrorism financing, and other financial crimes. The agency serves as the secretariat of the National Sanctions Committee

Nium is a Singapore-headquartered cross-border payments company. Initially founded by Prajit Nanu and Michael Bermingham, and launched as a consumer-remittance platform Instarem in 2014. In 2016, the company introduced its B2B payments platform and rebranded as Nium in 2019, subsequently elevating Pratik Gandhi to co-founder in 2021. However, Gandhi left Nium in October 2023, around the

A non-banking financial institution (NBFI) or non-bank financial company (NBFC) is a financial institution that is not legally a bank; it does not have a full banking license or is not supervised by a national or international banking regulatory agency. NBFC facilitate bank-related financial services, such as investment, risk pooling, contractual savings, and market brokering. Examples

Non-price competition is a marketing strategy "in which one firm tries to distinguish its product or service from competing products on the basis of attributes like design and workmanship". It often occurs in imperfectly competitive markets because it exists between two or more producers that sell goods and services at the same prices but compete to increase their respective market share

Nookazon () is a fan-made website that allows players of the 2020 video game Animal Crossing: New Horizons to trade and sell items in-game using their services. The website is named after Amazon, although it more closely resembles Craigslist and eBay.

The norm of reciprocity requires that people repay in kind what others have done for them. It can be understood as the expectation that people will respond to each other by returning benefits for benefits, and with either indifference or hostility to harms. The social norm of reciprocity may take different forms in different areas of social life, or in different societies. This is distin

Norman Chan Tak-lam, GBS, JP (born 1954), is a Hong Kong banker, treasury official, and civil servant. Chan was Chief Executive of the Hong Kong Monetary Authority from 2009 to 2019. He previously was Director of the Office of the Chief Executive of the HKSAR and Regional Vice-Chairman of Standard Chartered Bank. He was awarded the Silver Bauhinia Star (SBS) in 1999 and te Gold Bauhinia

Northern Data AG is a multinational technology company headquartered in Germany. It provides GPU infrastructure on demand for high-performance computing in sectors including artificial intelligence, big data analytics, rendering, and cloud computing. Services include a platform for processing large data sets. Formed in 2019 through the merger of Northern Bitcoin and Whinstone, it has two

Northwestern Improvement Company Store, also known as the NWI Building, is a historic building in Roslyn, Washington, the sole structure remaining from the days of the Roslyn Coal Field. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1973. In the 1990s, the Northwestern Improvement Company Store building was one of the locations used in the TV series Northern Exposure.

Novalnet is a European payment service provider that provides e-commerce businesses with electronic and point-of-sale payment processing services. The Novalnet platform is designed to automate merchants' business processes across the e-commerce value chain, from checkout to debt collection.

A novated lease is a motor vehicle lease which has been novated, that is, the obligations in the contract have been transferred from one party to another. In Australia, it refers almost exclusively to the practice of salary packaging a motor vehicle using a novated lease.

The NSE co-location scam relates to the market manipulation at the National Stock Exchange of India, India's leading stock exchange. Allegedly select players obtained market price information ahead of the rest of the market, enabling them to front run the rest of the market, possibly breaching the NSE's purpose of demutualisation exchange governance and its robust transparency-based mech

NTT DATA Payment Services India (formerly known as Atom Technologies Limited) is a payment services provider company headquartered in Mumbai, India.

Numerix is an American capital markets analytics and risk management technology company headquartered in New York City. It develops pricing, risk management, and portfolio analytics software for financial derivatives, structured products, fixed income securities, and convertible securities, serving sell-side institutions including banks and broker-dealers, and buy-side participants inclu

Nuvama Wealth Management Limited (doing business as Nuvama Group) is an Indian multinational wealth management company headquartered in Mumbai. Established in 1993, the company offers services in wealth management, asset management, asset servicing, and capital markets.

NXT is an open source cryptocurrency and payment network launched in 2013 by anonymous software developer BCNext. It uses proof-of-stake to reach consensus for transactions—as such, there is a static money supply. Unlike Bitcoin, there is no mining.

The New York Cash Exchange (NYCE) is an interbank network connecting the ATMs of various financial institutions in the United States and Canada. NYCE also serves as an EFTPOS network for NYCE-linked ATM cards.

Nym Technologies is a Swiss company that provides internet privacy technology utilizing Nym mix network and noise generation networks. Nym offers VPN and blockchain-related software and network services. Its most notable service, NymVPN, advertises itself as a VPN service for privacy and security.

NZX is the national stock exchange of New Zealand and, as NZX Limited, is also a publicly owned company listed on the exchange it operates. NZX is the parent company of Smartshares and Wealth Technologies.

O2 Money was a range of financial services provided by O2 in the United Kingdom.

Obadiah Mailafia (24 December 1956 – 19 September 2021) was a Nigerian development economist and the 2019 Nigeria Presidential election Candidate of African Democratic Congress (ADC). He was a former official of the African Development Bank Group and one-time Deputy Governor of the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN). He was also the Chief of Staff of the African, Caribbean and Pacific Group o

In marketing and the social sciences, observational research (or field research) is a social research technique that involves the direct observation of phenomena in their natural setting. This differentiates it from experimental research in which a quasi-artificial environment is created to control for spurious factors, and where at least one of the variables is manipulated as part of th

Occupy Homes or Occupy Our Homes is part of the Occupy movement which attempts to prevent the foreclosure of people's homes. Protesters delay foreclosures by camping out on the foreclosed property. They also stage protests at the banks responsible for the ongoing foreclosure crisis, sometimes blocking their entrances. It has been compared to the direct action taken by people to prevent h

Ocean Independence is a yacht brokerage firm that provides luxury yachting services across yacht sales, yacht charter, management, and build. The company is headquartered in Küsnacht, Zurich, Switzerland.

The Octopus card (Chinese: 八達通; Jyutping: baat3 daat6 tung1, Cantonese) is a reusable contactless stored value smart card for making electronic payments in online or offline systems in Hong Kong. Launched in September 1997 to collect fares for the territory's public transport system, it has grown into a widely used system for transport and other retail transactions in Hong Kong. It is al

Odysee is an American video hosting platform which uses a combination of decentralized servers and the LBRY blockchain. The service was created in December 2020. The site is based on a broad interpretation of the concept of freedom of speech.

The Oesterreichische Kontrollbank (OeKB, lit. 'Austrian Control Bank') is a special-purpose financial institution in Austria, headquartered in Vienna. It was founded in 1946 and is owned by Austria's main banks. While technically a private-sector organization, part of its activity is carried out on behalf of the Austrian government and accordingly backed by the state budget.

Office of Fair Trading v Abbey National plc and Others [2009] UKSC 6 is a judicial decision of the United Kingdom Supreme Court relating to bank charges in the United Kingdom, with reference to the situation where a bank account holder goes into unplanned overdraft.

The Office of Financial Research (OFR) is an independent bureau reporting to the United States Department of the Treasury. Created in the aftermath of the 2008 financial crisis, the OFR monitors and collects data to identify risks across the financial system.

The Office of Tax Simplification was an independent office of HM Treasury, part of the Government of the United Kingdom. The office was created on 20 July 2010 to identify complexities in the tax system burdensome to both businesses and individual taxpayers in order to recommend their reduction. The office was tasked with publishing its findings for the Chancellor of the Exchequer to con

The Office of the Superintendent of Financial Institutions (OSFI; French: Bureau du surintendant des institutions financières, BSIF) is an independent agency of the Government of Canada reporting to the Minister of Finance created "to contribute to public confidence in the Canadian financial system". It is the sole regulator of banks, and the primary regulator of insurance companies, tru

The term "offshore company" or "offshore corporation" is used in at least two distinct and different ways. An offshore company may be a reference to:

An offshore financial centre (OFC) is defined as a "country or jurisdiction that provides financial services to nonresidents on a scale that is incommensurate with the size and the financing of its domestic economy."

An offshore fund is generally a collective investment scheme domiciled in an offshore jurisdiction. Like the term "offshore company", the term is more descriptive than definitive, and both the words 'offshore' and 'fund' may be construed differently.

Offshoring is the relocation of a business process from one country to another—typically an operational process, such as manufacturing, or supporting processes, such as accounting. Usually this refers to a company business, although state governments may also employ offshoring. More recently, technical and administrative services have been offshored.

OFX Group Limited is an Australian financial technology company that provides international payments, foreign exchange and spend management services. It is headquartered in Sydney and listed on the Australian Securities Exchange.

Old School RuneScape (OSRS) is a massively multiplayer online role-playing game (MMORPG) developed and published by Jagex. It was released for Windows and macOS on 22 February 2013 as a version of RuneScape based on an August 2007 backup found in Jagex's archives. Although initially created as a restoration of an older version of RuneScape, the game has since developed into a separately

Chief Samuel Oluyemisi Falae (born 21 September 1938), is a Nigerian banker, administrator and politician who was secretary to the military government of Ibrahim Babangida from January 1986 to December 1990, and briefly the Finance Minister in 1990. He ran for president in Nigeria's Third and Fourth Republics.

Omnichannel is a neologism describing a business strategy. According to Frost & Sullivan, omnichannel is defined as "seamless and effortless, high-quality customer experiences that occur within and between contact channels".

OMNY ( OM-nee, short for One Metro New York) is a contactless fare-payment system that has been implemented for use on public transit in the New York metropolitan area. OMNY can be used to pay fares at all New York City Subway and Staten Island Railway stations, on all MTA buses, AirTrain JFK, Metro North's Hudson Rail Link, the Roosevelt Island Tram, Bee-Line buses, and NICE buses. Ther

On-hold messaging is a service used by businesses and organizations to deliver information to their callers waiting on hold or while they are being transferred. Also called audio marketing, on-hold messaging is a specialist area of marketing and branding.

OneCoin is a fraudulent cryptocurrency scheme conducted by offshore companies OneCoin Ltd (based in Bulgaria and registered in UAE) and OneLife Network Ltd (registered in Belize), both founded by Ruja Ignatova in concert with Sebastian Greenwood. OneCoin is considered a Ponzi scheme due to its organisational structure of paying early investors using money obtained from newer ones. It was

Online shopping is a form of electronic commerce which allows consumers to buy goods or services directly from a seller over the Internet using a web browser or a mobile app. Consumers generally find a product of interest by visiting a retailer's website specifically. They may also search among alternative vendors using a shopping search engine, which displays the same product's availab

Online ticket brokering is the resale of tickets through a web-based ticket brokering service or online ticket exchanges. Prices on ticket brokering websites are determined by demand, availability, and the ticket reseller. Tickets sold through an online ticket brokering service may or may not be authorized by the official seller.

Online video analytics (also known as Web video analytics) is the measurement, analysis and reporting of videos viewed online. It is used for the purposes of understanding the consumption patterns (behavioral analysis) and optimizing viewing experience (quality of service analysis).

An online wallet is a software or web service that allows users to store and control their online shopping information, such as logins, passwords, shipping address and credit card details. It also provides a method for consumers to purchase products from online retailers.

Herman Onno Christiaan Rudolf "Onno" Ruding (born 15 August 1939) is a retired Dutch politician of the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA) party and businessman.

ONO was a Spanish broadband communication and entertainment company, delivering integrated telephone, television and Internet services to its residential customers. In this segment, it has 3.7 million services contracted and over six million users.

Opal is a contactless smartcard fare collection system for public transport services in New South Wales, Australia. Operation of the Opal system is managed by Transport for NSW. First launched in late 2012, Opal is valid on Transport for NSW's metro, train, bus, ferry and light rail services that operate in Sydney, Central Coast, Hunter Region, Blue Mountains, Illawarra and Southern High

In financial services, open banking allows for financial data to be shared between banks and third-party service providers through the use of application programming interfaces (APIs). Traditionally, banks have kept customer financial data within their own closed systems. Open banking allows customers to share their financial information securely and electronically with other banks or ot

Operation Greenback was a Miami, Florida-based, multi-agency U.S. government task force targeting money laundering connected to drug trafficking.

Opus (stylized as OPUS) is a rechargeable, dual interface (contact/contactless) smart card automated fare collection system using the Calypso Standard and is used by major public transit operators in Greater Montreal and Quebec City in the province of Quebec, Canada. It complies with the ISO/IEC 14443 standard for smartcards and can be read by smartphones with an NFC antenna.

Orange Money is the mobile phone based money transfer service of French telecom company Orange S.A., available in most of the group's affiliates in Africa. Its users can deposit money into an account linked to their mobile phone number, and then access a range of services, in particular transferring money domestically and internationally, paying bills and buying airtime top-up.

ORCA was a mobile-optimized web application used as a component of the "get out the vote" (GOTV) efforts for Mitt Romney's 2012 presidential campaign. It was intended to enable volunteers in polling stations around the country to report which voters had turned out, so that "missing" Republican voters and underperforming precincts could be targeted for last-minute efforts to get voters to